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Postgraduate Medical Journal Dec 1996Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in England and Wales. The most common presenting symptom is macroscopic haematuria. The management options for... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in England and Wales. The most common presenting symptom is macroscopic haematuria. The management options for superficial and invasive bladder cancer depend on the stage at presentation. Most superficial bladder cancers are managed by transurethral resection and cytoscopic follow-up. The prognosis for patients with invasive bladder cancer is less good. The role of chemical, radiotherapeutic and surgical intervention are discussed.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Diversion
PubMed: 9015464
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.72.854.719 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Jan 2015The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the... (Review)
Review
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Genes, Neoplasm; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Transplantation; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 25533675
DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2015Bladder cancer (BC), the most common cancer arising from the human urinary tract, consists of two major clinicopathological phenotypes: muscle-invasive bladder cancer... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer (BC), the most common cancer arising from the human urinary tract, consists of two major clinicopathological phenotypes: muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MIBC frequently metastasizes and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. A certain proportion of patients with metastatic BC can achieve a remission with systemic chemotherapy; however, the disease relapses in most cases. Evidence suggests that MIBC comprises a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which may be resistant to these treatments and may be able to form new tumors in the bladder or other organs. Therefore, the unambiguous identification of bladder CSCs and the development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. Nevertheless, it remains unclear where bladder CSCs originate and how they are generated. We review recent studies on bladder CSCs, specifically focusing on their proposed origin and the possible therapeutic options based on the CSC theory.
Topics: Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 26729098
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010043 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2020Lipomas are encapsulated benign tumors typically found in the integument, central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract and represent the most common benign... (Review)
Review
Lipomas are encapsulated benign tumors typically found in the integument, central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract and represent the most common benign mesenchymal neoplasm in adults. Bladder lipoma is a rare tumor that has been reported in a handful of cases in medical literature. A literature review from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases of bladder lipoma yielded less than 20 cases. We report a case of a 69 year-old Moroccan male patient with hematuria as a chief symptom. The diagnosis of bladder lipoma was suspected by flexible fibroscopy and assessed by transurethral resection. Macroscopic and histological examination revealed a lipomatous tumour with no sign of malignancy. There was no recurrence after one year of follow-up. Although bladder lipomas are rare entities, they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of bladder tumor. However, we should always keep in mind that any bladder tumor is malignant until proven otherwise.
Topics: Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Follow-Up Studies; Hematuria; Humans; Lipoma; Male; Morocco; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 33796193
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.380.25672 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Multiple risk factors have been associated with bladder cancer. This review focuses on pesticide exposure, as it is not currently known whether agricultural products... (Review)
Review
Multiple risk factors have been associated with bladder cancer. This review focuses on pesticide exposure, as it is not currently known whether agricultural products have a direct or indirect effect on bladder cancer, despite recent reports demonstrating a strong correlation. While it is known that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in humans and dogs, the mechanism(s) by which specific pesticides cause bladder cancer initiation or progression is unknown. In this narrative review, we discuss what is currently known about pesticide exposure and the link to bladder cancer. This review highlights multiple pathways modulated by pesticide exposure with direct links to bladder cancer oncogenesis/metastasis (MMP-2, TGF-β, STAT3) and chemoresistance (drug efflux, DNA repair, and apoptosis resistance) and potential therapeutic tactics to counter these pesticide-induced affects.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Dogs; Pesticides; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Risk Factors; Antineoplastic Agents
PubMed: 37511154
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411395 -
Cancer Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Cryotherapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness
PubMed: 36477685
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34560 -
Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the... Feb 2020Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in high-income countries. Information on bladder cancer in Italy is scattered across scientific literature and... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in high-income countries. Information on bladder cancer in Italy is scattered across scientific literature and institutional and educational resources and no attempt has been made yet to organize and summarize this information across various sources of available data. We, therefore, present herein a critical literature review of recent epidemiological and healthcare data, including patients' unmet needs. We undertook a critical review of the scientific and grey literature by exploring several different databases and search browsers. Available official statistics indicate a high burden of bladder cancer in Italy, where this neoplasm has one of the highest incidences worldwide and, in consideration of its relatively high survival, it ranks 4th in cancer prevalence. The limited therapeutic options for muscle-invasive and advanced/metastatic urothelial cancer are one of the major unmet needs for patients with this neoplasm, in Italy and worldwide. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and in understanding molecular biology of bladder cancer are, however, rapidly altering the therapeutic landscape for targeted subgroups of patients with advanced/metastatic disease. Other unmet needs include the low quality of life after radical cystectomy, the lack of widespread clinical pathway schemes to improve and standardize the quality of care and low Italian patients empowerment. Bladder cancer represents a health burden in Italy, with high incidence and prevalence rates, and important unmet needs for patients, including the limited therapeutic options for advanced/metastatic cancers, the low quality of life after radical cystectomy, the lack of widespread clinical pathway schemes, and the low patients empowerment.
Topics: Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Italy; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 31692303
DOI: 10.23736/S0393-2249.19.03498-2 -
Australian Family Physician Apr 2011Over 2000 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in Australia in 2005. Bladder cancer is a relatively common disease with high morbidity if left untreated. Bladder...
BACKGROUND
Over 2000 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in Australia in 2005. Bladder cancer is a relatively common disease with high morbidity if left untreated. Bladder cancer is categorised as either 'nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer' or 'muscle invasive bladder cancer'. Treatment varies significantly for each type.
OBJECTIVE
This article provides an update on the presentation of bladder cancer, its risk factors, investigations and treatment, and discusses the role of chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment.
DISCUSSION
Bladder cancer most commonly presents with microscopic or macroscopic haematuria. Evaluation is required of all patients with macroscopic haematuria, patients with persistent microscopic haematuria, and at risk patients with a single episode of microscopic haematuria. Evaluation consists of imaging, urine cytology and cystoscopy. Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer patients can undergo tumour resection with adjuvant intravesical treatments, while muscle invasive bladder cancer patients are optimally treated with cystectomy and urinary diversion.
Topics: Australia; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Risk Factors; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 21597531
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer... Dec 2012Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer was believed, for several decades, to be a completely unique entity of disease, different from urothelial cancer. This was probably... (Review)
Review
Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer was believed, for several decades, to be a completely unique entity of disease, different from urothelial cancer. This was probably due to its distinct clinicopathologic and demographic features that varied from those of urothelial entity. The carcinogenesis is an extremely complex process resulting from the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes leading to alterations in the cell proliferation regulation process. In bladder cancer, many of these carcinogenic cascades were not fully documented or somewhat conflicting. Inspite of the efforts performed, much is still needed to explore the presence or absence of the carcinogenic difference with a different etiology. The control of schistosomiasis in certain countries and the subsequent decrease in the intensity of infestation showed changing of features approaching that of urothelial tumors. However the schistosoma-associated bladder cancer presented in more advanced stages than schistosoma-non associated urothelial cancer. More recently, data are gathered that, upon applying the same treatment protocol and management care, stage by stage comparison of the treatment end-results were found to be similar in bladder cancer patients with a different etiology. All treatment options; including radical cystectomy with or without adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy or trimodality bladder preserving treatment seem to lead to similar end-results regardless of etiologic factor(s) implicated in bladder cancer development.
Topics: Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cystectomy; Humans; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prognosis; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
PubMed: 23159285
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002 -
Urologia Internationalis 2012The aim of the present paper was to review findings from the most relevant studies and to evaluate the value of current chemotherapy and surgery in advanced unresectable... (Review)
Review
The aim of the present paper was to review findings from the most relevant studies and to evaluate the value of current chemotherapy and surgery in advanced unresectable and metastatic bladder cancer. Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE® and PubMed® databases up to 2011 using both medical subject heading (Mesh) and a free text strategy with the name of the known individual chemotherapeutic drug and the following key words: 'muscle-invasive bladder cancer', 'chemotherapeutics agents', and 'surgery in advanced bladder cancer'. At the end of our literature research we selected 141 articles complying with the aim of the review. The results showed that it has been many years since the MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, cisplatin) regimen was first developed. The use of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is associated with significant toxicity and produces long-term survival in only approximately 15-20% of patients. Gemcitabine + cisplatin represents the gold standard in the treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. In conclusion, the optimal approach in the management of advanced urothelial cancer continues to evolve. Further progress relies on the expansion of research into tumor biology and an understanding of the underlying molecular 'fingerprints' that can be used to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Cisplatin-based therapy has had the best track record thus far.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cystectomy; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urothelium
PubMed: 22354060
DOI: 10.1159/000335556